Separate the roles
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, Distinguish adviser, salesperson, agent, contract counterparty and recipient of money. They may be the same or different people. The Bank of Russia’s explanation of combined products notes that a bank may act as agent while another participant is party to the investment contract. Read each contract’s details; an office or job title does not determine liability.
An example of different incentives
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, A client considers two fictional products for 200,000 roubles. The intermediary receives 4% from the provider for the first, or 8,000, and 0.5% for the second, or 1,000. The difference is 7,000. This does not prove the first product is worse or that the commission is charged directly to the client. It creates a concrete question: why this option and how does compensation affect the choice?
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, A 1% annual fee on an unchanged 200,000 base is 2,000. It also does not remove every conflict: the recipient may prefer a larger paid balance or service volume. A fixed fee does not guarantee competence, and no separate fee line does not mean free service.
Which questions produce checkable answers?
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, Ask which options are available and whether the list is limited to one provider group. Ask about one-time and recurring compensation, extra services, third-party payments and termination consequences. Request documentary locations. Ask why the structure fits the task’s timing and cash access. Confidence and terminology are not substitutes for specifics.
Compare alternatives on one base
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, Use the same amount, term, currency, payment pattern and access. A bonus or higher rate on one package component may come with different economics elsewhere. Do not subtract a fee twice if it is already included in the disclosed result. Make two cards for a complex offer: what the client receives and what the seller receives.
Where does the conclusion stop?
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, A disclosed conflict does not disappear because it was disclosed, but its existence alone does not prove a violation or determine the client’s choice. Independent review may be needed when costs, legal structure or exit consequences are unclear. This is not a professional audit of a real service.
A written answer is better than judging character
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, Record why the option was chosen, what alternatives were considered, which costs are included and who pays. A success story about the provider is not yet evidence of fit. Written cards help compare without arguing about motives, but documents do not guarantee every claim is true.
Selling a family business: liquidity is not value
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, An owner can hold a valuable operating company and lack cash for a near personal or contractual payment. In an educational model, an ownership interest is valued at 120 million, an 18 million payment is due in six months and personal cash is 3 million; the uncovered need is 15 million, or 12.5% of estimated equity value. That does not mean exactly 12.5% can be sold without loss. A forced whole-sale for 96 million is a 20% discount from 120 million; the discount does not prove buyer misconduct.
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, Rebuild the calendar, obligations, available money and authority to distribute company cash. Compare continued ownership with financing and partial or full sale. Tax, inheritance and legal rules require separate date-specific review.
Buyer shares and friendly financing
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, Payment in buyer shares gives the seller another risk. Check number and rights of shares, sale restrictions, price, control and closing conditions. NYU materials distinguish payment method from target value and synergies.
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, A friendly investor may accept management continuity, but friendliness does not define the economics. Specify coupon or dividend, seniority, security, conversion, voting rights and obligations. An informal promise is not a substitute for rights documents.
Reputation works through repeated relationships, not magic
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, A buyer seeking future opportunities may be deterred from breaking promises today, but this is an incentive mechanism, not proof of a person’s conduct. It may be weak in an anonymous one-off deal. A recommendation reduces search cost but does not complete due diligence; ask who introduced whom, who is paid and which facts were independently checked.
Check promises after closing
Dans ce modèle pédagogique, Keep the original promise, deadline and responsible party. Compare actual payments, control and team operation with the documents. Separate public facts, consent-based facts and unknowns, and do not use confidential information without a lawful basis. Liquidity, business value, partner rights and reputation incentives are connected but not interchangeable.